{"id":153,"date":"2026-10-26T12:00:42","date_gmt":"2026-10-26T12:00:42","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/tamil.one\/?post_type=adhigaram&#038;p=153"},"modified":"2026-10-26T12:00:42","modified_gmt":"2026-10-26T12:00:42","slug":"adhigaram-84-pedhaimai","status":"publish","type":"adhigaram","link":"https:\/\/tamil.one\/en\/thirukkural\/adhigaram-84-pedhaimai\/","title":{"rendered":"\u0baa\u0bc7\u0ba4\u0bc8\u0bae\u0bc8 \u00b7 Folly"},"content":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Folly is the ignorance that lets go of the profitable and holds on to the harmful. Valluvar paints the fool: shameless, unrestrained though learned, giddy with sudden wealth, and clumsy in the assembly of the wise. The friendship of fools may seem sweet, but it ends in harm.<\/p>","protected":false},"featured_media":0,"template":"","kural_section":[40],"class_list":["post-153","adhigaram","type-adhigaram","status-publish","hentry","kural_section-natpiyal"],"acf":{"adhigaram_number":84,"name_ta":"\u0baa\u0bc7\u0ba4\u0bc8\u0bae\u0bc8","name_en":"Folly","transliteration":"Pedhaimai","summary_ta":"\u0baa\u0bc7\u0ba4\u0bc8\u0bae\u0bc8 \u0b8e\u0ba9\u0bcd\u0baa\u0ba4\u0bc1 \u0ba8\u0ba9\u0bcd\u0bae\u0bc8\u0baf\u0bc8 \u0bb5\u0bbf\u0b9f\u0bcd\u0b9f\u0bc1\u0ba4\u0bcd \u0ba4\u0bc0\u0bae\u0bc8\u0baf\u0bc8\u0baa\u0bcd \u0baa\u0bb1\u0bcd\u0bb1\u0bbf\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bca\u0bb3\u0bcd\u0bb3\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd \u0b85\u0bb1\u0bbf\u0baf\u0bbe\u0bae\u0bc8. \u0b85\u0bb1\u0bbf\u0ba8\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd \u0b85\u0b9f\u0b99\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bbe\u0ba4\u0bb5\u0ba9\u0bcd, \u0bb5\u0bc6\u0b9f\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bae\u0bcd \u0b87\u0bb2\u0bcd\u0bb2\u0bbe\u0ba4\u0bb5\u0ba9\u0bcd, \u0b9a\u0bc6\u0bb2\u0bcd\u0bb5\u0bae\u0bcd \u0bb5\u0ba8\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bbe\u0bb2\u0bcd \u0bae\u0baf\u0b99\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bc1\u0baa\u0bb5\u0ba9\u0bcd, \u0baa\u0bc6\u0bb0\u0bbf\u0baf\u0bcb\u0bb0\u0bcd \u0b85\u0bb5\u0bc8\u0baf\u0bbf\u0bb2\u0bcd \u0baa\u0bc1\u0b95\u0bc1\u0baa\u0bb5\u0ba9\u0bcd \u0b86\u0b95\u0bbf\u0baf\u0bcb\u0bb0\u0bbf\u0ba9\u0bcd \u0b87\u0baf\u0bb2\u0bcd\u0baa\u0bc1\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bc8 \u0bb5\u0bb3\u0bcd\u0bb3\u0bc1\u0bb5\u0bb0\u0bcd \u0b87\u0bb5\u0bcd\u0bb5\u0ba4\u0bbf\u0b95\u0bbe\u0bb0\u0ba4\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bbf\u0bb2\u0bcd \u0b95\u0bbe\u0b9f\u0bcd\u0b9f\u0bc1\u0b95\u0bbf\u0bb1\u0bbe\u0bb0\u0bcd. \u0baa\u0bc7\u0ba4\u0bc8\u0baf\u0bbf\u0ba9\u0bcd \u0ba8\u0b9f\u0bcd\u0baa\u0bc1 \u0b87\u0ba9\u0bbf\u0bae\u0bc8\u0baf\u0bbe\u0b95\u0ba4\u0bcd \u0ba4\u0bcb\u0ba9\u0bcd\u0bb1\u0bbf\u0ba9\u0bbe\u0bb2\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd \u0b85\u0bb5\u0ba9\u0bbe\u0bb2\u0bcd \u0ba4\u0bc0\u0b99\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bc7 \u0ba8\u0bc7\u0bb0\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd \u0b8e\u0ba9\u0bcd\u0baa\u0ba4\u0bc1 \u0b85\u0bb5\u0bb0\u0bcd \u0b8e\u0b9a\u0bcd\u0b9a\u0bb0\u0bbf\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bc8.","summary_en":"Folly is the ignorance that lets go of the profitable and holds on to the harmful. Valluvar paints the fool: shameless, unrestrained though learned, giddy with sudden wealth, and clumsy in the assembly of the wise. The friendship of fools may seem sweet, but it ends in harm.","intro_ta":"'\u0baa\u0bc7\u0ba4\u0bc8\u0bae\u0bc8' \u0b8e\u0ba9\u0bcd\u0bb1 \u0b9a\u0bca\u0bb2\u0bcd \u0b85\u0bb1\u0bbf\u0bb5\u0bbf\u0ba9\u0bcd\u0bae\u0bc8\u0baf\u0bc8\u0b95\u0bcd \u0b95\u0bc1\u0bb1\u0bbf\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bbf\u0bb1\u0ba4\u0bc1. \u0b86\u0ba9\u0bbe\u0bb2\u0bcd \u0bb5\u0bb3\u0bcd\u0bb3\u0bc1\u0bb5\u0bb0\u0bcd \u0b87\u0b99\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bc7 \u0baa\u0b9f\u0bbf\u0baa\u0bcd\u0baa\u0bb1\u0bbf\u0bb5\u0bc1 \u0b87\u0bb2\u0bcd\u0bb2\u0bbe\u0ba4\u0bb5\u0ba9\u0bc8 \u0bae\u0b9f\u0bcd\u0b9f\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd \u0b9a\u0bca\u0bb2\u0bcd\u0bb2\u0bb5\u0bbf\u0bb2\u0bcd\u0bb2\u0bc8. \u0baa\u0bc7\u0ba4\u0bc8 \u0b8e\u0ba9\u0bcd\u0baa\u0bb5\u0ba9\u0bcd \u0ba8\u0ba9\u0bcd\u0bae\u0bc8 \u0b8e\u0ba4\u0bc1 \u0ba4\u0bc0\u0bae\u0bc8 \u0b8e\u0ba4\u0bc1 \u0b8e\u0ba9\u0bcd\u0bb1\u0bc1 \u0baa\u0b95\u0bc1\u0ba4\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bb1\u0bbf\u0baf\u0bbe\u0ba4\u0bb5\u0ba9\u0bcd; \u0ba8\u0bb2\u0bae\u0bcd \u0ba4\u0bb0\u0bc1\u0bb5\u0ba4\u0bc8 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\u0bb5\u0bc6\u0bb3\u0bbf\u0baa\u0bcd\u0baa\u0b9f\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd \u0b92\u0bb0\u0bc1 \u0baa\u0bcb\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bbe\u0b95\u0b95\u0bcd \u0b95\u0bb0\u0bc1\u0ba4 \u0bb5\u0bc7\u0ba3\u0bcd\u0b9f\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd; \u0b85\u0baa\u0bcd\u0baa\u0bcb\u0ba4\u0bc1\u0ba4\u0bbe\u0ba9\u0bcd \u0b85\u0ba4\u0bc8\u0ba4\u0bcd \u0ba4\u0bbf\u0bb0\u0bc1\u0ba4\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd \u0bb5\u0bbe\u0baf\u0bcd\u0baa\u0bcd\u0baa\u0bc1 \u0ba8\u0bae\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bc1 \u0b89\u0ba3\u0bcd\u0b9f\u0bc1.","intro_en":"The word 'pedhaimai' means lack of understanding. But Valluvar does not mean merely the unlettered. The 'pedhai' is one who cannot discern good from bad, one who lets go of what brings welfare and clings to what brings harm. So even a man well versed in books will be counted a fool if he lacks self-restraint. In the earlier chapters we looked at evil friendship and unreal friendship. Now, in choosing whom to befriend, Valluvar explains why the unwise must be avoided.\n\nThe first verse of the chapter gives the definition: taking hold of harm and letting profit go. The second calls the greatest folly the fondness for conduct that does not suit oneself. The third lists four failings: shamelessness, lack of enquiry, lack of love and lack of care. The fourth makes the learned man who cannot restrain himself the chief of fools. Later verses say that the evil done in one birth will return as suffering in many births, and what becomes of the fool when wealth comes to him.\n\nCommentators such as Parimelazhagar explain 'pedhaimai' as lack of knowledge, as not knowing good from bad. Valluvar had already placed the chapter on Knowledge (Arivudaimai) earlier; here he shows its opposite side. The chapter on knowledge told how a man of knowledge acts. This chapter shows how a man without it behaves, and sets before us a mirror of warning. As we know light by knowing darkness, we know wisdom by knowing folly.\n\nThere is a reason Valluvar speaks of the fool at such length. The fool does not harm only himself; he drags into misery those who depend on him and those who come within his friendship. If an unwise man sits in authority in a country, the people suffer; if an unwise man comes into the wealth of a family, the whole family comes apart. So this is not only an individual's fault but also a matter of the safety of society.\n\nValluvar speaks here not in anger but with a sharp sense of humour. When the fool gets a great fortune, strangers feast and his kin go hungry; his getting wealth is like a madman drinking more; his entering the assembly of the wise is like putting an unwashed foot on the couch. The comparisons make us smile, but what lies under them is deep.\n\nIt applies to our times as well. Knowing a habit to be harmful and still not leaving it, ignoring a good opportunity for easy pleasure, and spending lavishly when one should save are all marks of folly. We should look for these marks first not in others but in ourselves.","story_title_ta":"\u0b9a\u0bbf\u0b99\u0bcd\u0b95\u0ba4\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bc8 \u0b89\u0baf\u0bbf\u0bb0\u0bcd\u0baa\u0bcd\u0baa\u0bbf\u0ba4\u0bcd\u0ba4 \u0b85\u0bb1\u0bbf\u0b9e\u0bb0\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bcd","story_ta":"\u0baa\u0b9e\u0bcd\u0b9a\u0ba4\u0ba8\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bbf\u0bb0\u0ba4\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bbf\u0ba9\u0bcd \u0b90\u0ba8\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bbe\u0bae\u0bcd \u0ba4\u0ba8\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bbf\u0bb0\u0ba4\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bbf\u0bb2\u0bcd \u0b92\u0bb0\u0bc1 \u0b95\u0ba4\u0bc8 \u0bb5\u0bb0\u0bc1\u0b95\u0bbf\u0bb1\u0ba4\u0bc1. \u0b92\u0bb0\u0bc1 \u0b8a\u0bb0\u0bbf\u0bb2\u0bcd \u0ba8\u0bbe\u0ba9\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bc1 \u0baa\u0bbf\u0bb0\u0bbe\u0bae\u0ba3 \u0ba8\u0ba3\u0bcd\u0baa\u0bb0\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bcd \u0b87\u0bb0\u0bc1\u0ba8\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0ba9\u0bb0\u0bcd. \u0b85\u0bb5\u0bb0\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bbf\u0bb2\u0bcd \u0bae\u0bc2\u0bb5\u0bb0\u0bcd \u0b9a\u0bbe\u0ba4\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bbf\u0bb0\u0b99\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bbf\u0bb2\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd \u0bae\u0ba8\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bbf\u0bb0\u0b99\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bbf\u0bb2\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd \u0bae\u0bbf\u0b95\u0ba4\u0bcd \u0ba4\u0bc7\u0bb0\u0bcd\u0ba8\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bb5\u0bb0\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bcd. \u0ba8\u0bbe\u0ba9\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bbe\u0bae\u0bb5\u0ba9\u0bcd \u0b85\u0bb5\u0bcd\u0bb5\u0bb3\u0bb5\u0bc1 \u0ba8\u0bc2\u0bb2\u0bcd \u0b95\u0bb1\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bb5\u0bbf\u0bb2\u0bcd\u0bb2\u0bc8; 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In a certain town lived four Brahmin friends. Three of them were highly skilled in the sciences and in mantras. The fourth had not studied as much, but he had worldly experience and good sense. The four set out in search of fortune. On the way, in a forest, they saw the scattered bones of a lion.\n\nThe first said, 'This is the chance to test my learning,' and joined the bones into the frame of a lion. The second produced skin, flesh and blood. The third began to chant the mantra that would give it life. Then the fourth objected. 'Friends, this is a lion. If it gets life it will kill us. Stop.'\n\nIn the story the first three have no flaw in their learning. They joined the bones into a body, they created skin, flesh and blood, and they knew the mantra to give life. No one can fault their knowledge. The fault lay in the judgement with which they used it. They did not perceive the difference between 'Can this be done?' and 'Should this be done?' Not everything that can be done is worth doing, and that is what the fourth friend knew.\n\nSome versions say that the fourth man warned his friends three times. He did not insult them; he even said, 'You are greater scholars than I.' Yet their pride would not give ear to his words. This is another face of folly: pride in one's own learning stops one from listening to another's counsel. Those who did not realise that the warning of a simple man can save a life were in the end destroyed by their own education.\n\nThe three laughed. 'You are unlettered; you cannot understand the greatness of our learning.' The fourth said, 'Very well, let me climb a tree. Then you may continue,' and he climbed a tree. When the third finished his mantra, the lion rose. Hungry, it struck down all three. The one in the tree came down safely afterwards and went home.\n\nThe story reflects the verse 'Odhi unarndhum pirarkkuraiththum thaanadangaap pedhaiyin pedhaiyaar il.' Those who have knowledge but no discernment are destroyed by their own learning. The fourth man had only a little learning, but it was the sense to distinguish good from harm. The tale shows clearly that folly is not lack of learning but lack of discernment.\n\nTradition says that Vishnu Sharma composed the Panchatantra to impart worldly wisdom to young princes. This story illustrates the fifth book, 'Aparikshitakarakam', which tells how acting without examination ends in ruin. Valluvar says the same under the name of folly.\n\nThe lesson is that the learned should show less eagerness to test their power than to examine its consequences.","key_lessons_ta":"\u0ba4\u0bc0\u0bae\u0bc8\u0baf\u0bc8\u0baa\u0bcd \u0baa\u0bb1\u0bcd\u0bb1\u0bbf\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bca\u0ba3\u0bcd\u0b9f\u0bc1 \u0ba8\u0ba9\u0bcd\u0bae\u0bc8\u0baf\u0bc8 \u0bb5\u0bbf\u0b9f\u0bc1\u0bb5\u0ba4\u0bc7 \u0baa\u0bc7\u0ba4\u0bc8\u0bae\u0bc8.\n\u0b95\u0bb1\u0bcd\u0bb1\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd \u0ba4\u0ba9\u0bcd\u0ba9\u0b9f\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bae\u0bcd \u0b87\u0bb2\u0bcd\u0bb2\u0bbe\u0ba4\u0bb5\u0ba9\u0bcd \u0baa\u0bc7\u0ba4\u0bc8\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bc1\u0bb3\u0bcd \u0baa\u0bc6\u0bb0\u0bbf\u0baf\u0bb5\u0ba9\u0bcd.\n\u0ba8\u0bbe\u0ba3\u0bae\u0bcd, \u0b86\u0bb0\u0bbe\u0baf\u0bcd\u0b9a\u0bcd\u0b9a\u0bbf, \u0b85\u0ba9\u0bcd\u0baa\u0bc1, \u0baa\u0bc7\u0ba3\u0bc1\u0ba4\u0bb2\u0bcd \u0b87\u0bb2\u0bcd\u0bb2\u0bbe\u0ba4\u0bb5\u0ba9\u0bcd \u0baa\u0bc7\u0ba4\u0bc8.\n\u0baa\u0bc7\u0ba4\u0bc8 \u0b9a\u0bc6\u0bb2\u0bcd\u0bb5\u0bae\u0bcd \u0baa\u0bc6\u0bb1\u0bcd\u0bb1\u0bbe\u0bb2\u0bcd \u0b85\u0ba4\u0bc1 \u0b85\u0baf\u0bb2\u0bbe\u0bb0\u0bc1\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bc7 \u0baa\u0baf\u0ba9\u0bcd\u0baa\u0b9f\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd.\n\u0baa\u0bc7\u0ba4\u0bc8\u0baf\u0bbf\u0ba9\u0bcd \u0ba8\u0b9f\u0bcd\u0baa\u0bc1 \u0b95\u0bb4\u0bc1\u0bb5\u0bbe\u0ba4 \u0b95\u0bbe\u0bb2\u0bcb\u0b9f\u0bc1 \u0baa\u0b9f\u0bc1\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bc8\u0baf\u0bbf\u0bb2\u0bcd \u0b8f\u0bb1\u0bc1\u0bb5\u0ba4\u0bc1 \u0baa\u0bcb\u0ba9\u0bcd\u0bb1\u0ba4\u0bc1.","key_lessons_en":"Folly is clinging to harm and letting go of profit.\nThe learned man without self-control is the chief of fools.\nShamelessness, lack of enquiry, love and care mark the fool.\nWealth in the fool's hand benefits only strangers.\nBefriending a fool is like putting a dirty foot on the couch.","image_prompt":"Three scholars chanting over the reassembled body of a lion at a forest clearing while a fourth man sits safely in a tree above watching with concern, scattered bones and scrolls on the ground, banyan tree and distant hills, warm palm-leaf manuscript and Tanjore-painting inspired style, ivory, ochre, copper and deep teal palette, ornate gold border, no text or letters in the image."},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/tamil.one\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/adhigaram\/153","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/tamil.one\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/adhigaram"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/tamil.one\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/adhigaram"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/tamil.one\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/adhigaram\/153\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":2701,"href":"https:\/\/tamil.one\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/adhigaram\/153\/revisions\/2701"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/tamil.one\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=153"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"kural_section","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tamil.one\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/kural_section?post=153"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}