{"id":177,"date":"2026-10-26T01:53:35","date_gmt":"2026-10-26T01:53:35","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/tamil.one\/?post_type=adhigaram&#038;p=177"},"modified":"2026-10-26T01:53:35","modified_gmt":"2026-10-26T01:53:35","slug":"adhigaram-108-kayamai","status":"publish","type":"adhigaram","link":"https:\/\/tamil.one\/en\/thirukkural\/adhigaram-108-kayamai\/","title":{"rendered":"\u0b95\u0baf\u0bae\u0bc8 \u00b7 Baseness"},"content":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>The chapter on baseness draws a sharp portrait of the mean-minded, who look like men but are driven only by fear and appetite without dharma. Through it Valluvar brings out the rarity of high character.<\/p>","protected":false},"featured_media":0,"template":"","kural_section":[41],"class_list":["post-177","adhigaram","type-adhigaram","status-publish","hentry","kural_section-kudiyiyal"],"acf":{"adhigaram_number":108,"name_ta":"\u0b95\u0baf\u0bae\u0bc8","name_en":"Baseness","transliteration":"Kayamai","summary_ta":"\u0b95\u0baf\u0bae\u0bc8 \u0b85\u0ba4\u0bbf\u0b95\u0bbe\u0bb0\u0bae\u0bcd \u0b95\u0bc0\u0bb4\u0bcd\u0bae\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bbf\u0ba9\u0bcd \u0b87\u0baf\u0bb2\u0bcd\u0baa\u0bc8\u0b95\u0bcd \u0b95\u0bc2\u0bb0\u0bcd\u0bae\u0bc8\u0baf\u0bbe\u0b95 \u0bb5\u0bb0\u0bc8\u0b95\u0bbf\u0bb1\u0ba4\u0bc1: \u0b85\u0bb5\u0bb0\u0bcd \u0bae\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bc8\u0baa\u0bcd \u0baa\u0bcb\u0bb2\u0bb5\u0bc7 \u0ba4\u0bcb\u0ba9\u0bcd\u0bb1\u0bbf\u0ba9\u0bbe\u0bb2\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd \u0b85\u0bb1\u0bae\u0bbf\u0ba9\u0bcd\u0bb1\u0bbf, \u0b85\u0b9a\u0bcd\u0b9a\u0ba4\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bbe\u0bb2\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd \u0b86\u0b9a\u0bc8\u0baf\u0bbe\u0bb2\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd \u0bae\u0b9f\u0bcd\u0b9f\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bc7 \u0b87\u0baf\u0b99\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bc1\u0b95\u0bbf\u0ba9\u0bcd\u0bb1\u0ba9\u0bb0\u0bcd. \u0b85\u0ba4\u0ba9\u0bcd \u0bae\u0bc2\u0bb2\u0bae\u0bcd \u0bb5\u0bb3\u0bcd\u0bb3\u0bc1\u0bb5\u0bb0\u0bcd \u0b89\u0baf\u0bb0\u0bcd\u0ba8\u0bcd\u0ba4 \u0baa\u0ba3\u0bcd\u0baa\u0bc1\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bbf\u0ba9\u0bcd \u0b85\u0bb0\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bc8\u0baf\u0bc8 \u0b8e\u0b9f\u0bc1\u0ba4\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bc1\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bbe\u0b9f\u0bcd\u0b9f\u0bc1\u0b95\u0bbf\u0bb1\u0bbe\u0bb0\u0bcd.","summary_en":"The chapter on baseness draws a sharp portrait of the mean-minded, who look like men but are driven only by fear and appetite without dharma. Through it Valluvar brings out the rarity of high character.","intro_ta":"\u0b95\u0bc1\u0b9f\u0bbf\u0baf\u0bbf\u0baf\u0bb2\u0bbf\u0ba9\u0bcd \u0b8e\u0b9f\u0bcd\u0b9f\u0bbe\u0bb5\u0ba4\u0bc1 \u0b85\u0ba4\u0bbf\u0b95\u0bbe\u0bb0\u0bae\u0bbe\u0ba9 \u0b95\u0baf\u0bae\u0bc8, \u0baa\u0bca\u0bb0\u0bc1\u0b9f\u0bcd\u0baa\u0bbe\u0bb2\u0bbf\u0ba9\u0bcd \u0b87\u0bb1\u0bc1\u0ba4\u0bbf\u0baa\u0bcd \u0baa\u0b95\u0bc1\u0ba4\u0bbf\u0baf\u0bbe\u0b95\u0bbf\u0baf \u0b95\u0bc1\u0b9f\u0bbf\u0baf\u0bbf\u0baf\u0bb2\u0bc8 \u0ba8\u0bbf\u0bb1\u0bc8\u0bb5\u0bc1 \u0b9a\u0bc6\u0baf\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bbf\u0bb1\u0ba4\u0bc1. \u0b87\u0bb5\u0bcd\u0bb5\u0ba4\u0bbf\u0b95\u0bbe\u0bb0\u0bae\u0bcd \u0bae\u0bc1\u0ba8\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bc8\u0baf \u0b85\u0ba4\u0bbf\u0b95\u0bbe\u0bb0\u0b99\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bbf\u0bb2\u0bcd \u0baa\u0bcb\u0bb1\u0bcd\u0bb1\u0bbf\u0baf \u0b9a\u0bbe\u0ba9\u0bcd\u0bb1\u0bbe\u0ba3\u0bcd\u0bae\u0bc8, \u0ba8\u0bbe\u0ba3\u0bc1\u0b9f\u0bc8\u0bae\u0bc8, \u0b95\u0bc1\u0b9f\u0bbf\u0b9a\u0bc6\u0baf\u0bb2\u0bcd\u0bb5\u0b95\u0bc8 \u0b86\u0b95\u0bbf\u0baf\u0bb5\u0bb1\u0bcd\u0bb1\u0bbf\u0ba9\u0bcd \u0b8e\u0ba4\u0bbf\u0bb0\u0bcd\u0baa\u0bcd\u0baa\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0ba4\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bc8\u0b95\u0bcd \u0b95\u0bbe\u0b9f\u0bcd\u0b9f\u0bc1\u0b95\u0bbf\u0bb1\u0ba4\u0bc1. 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It shows the reverse side of what earlier chapters praised: nobility, sense of shame and service to one's family. 'Kayavar' are the mean-minded, those without knowledge, dharma and shame. Valluvar describes them directly and with irony. The opening is startling: 'makkale polvar kayavar', the base look just like men. In appearance they are like human beings, but their hearts lack humanity. That likeness also shows the danger that they are not easily recognised. In the following verses Valluvar attacks with the ironic charm of seeming praise, calling them 'like gods' and 'free of pangs of the heart'.\n\nIn the chapter their traits come in order: those who act only on their own wishes; those who outdo a worse person on meeting one; those restrained only by fear; those who spread others' secrets like beating a drum; those who yield only to blows; those who find faults on seeing others eat and dress; those who, in trouble, are ready to sell themselves quickly. Each verse shows one face.\n\nWhile reading the chapter we should not blame others but examine ourselves. Each of us may hide some element of baseness: being good in outward relations and selfish within, and so on. Valluvar's warning urges us away from that state. At the same time Valluvar's view is that baseness comes not by birth but by character. He who said 'all beings are alike by birth' does not treat baseness as belonging to any lineage; he sees it as a defect of character that may arise in anyone. So this chapter is an alarm bell that wakes us toward dharma.\n\nThe charm with which Valluvar sets this chapter in a vein of irony deserves notice. The hidden aim in praising the base as 'like gods' is to point out that gods are those who do as they please, and the base likewise act as they please without any moral restraint. Such ironic praise is a fine device Valluvar uses in the Tamil literary tradition. It makes the reader both smile and think.\n\nThis portrait of the base appears in our Puranas and epics in many characters. Ravana, Hiranyakashipu, Kamsa, Shishupala, Duryodhana and Shakuni, though high in knowledge and power, were destroyed by their lowliness of character. Their histories show the subtlety of the verses in practice. In contrast, in the same epics Prahlada and Vibhishana turned away from the evil course of their clans and sought dharma; they are the counter-examples the Kural shows.","story_title_ta":"\u0b9a\u0bbf\u0b9a\u0bc1\u0baa\u0bbe\u0bb2\u0ba9\u0bbf\u0ba9\u0bcd \u0baa\u0bb4\u0bbf\u0b9a\u0bcd\u0b9a\u0bca\u0bb1\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bcd","story_ta":"\u0b87\u0ba4\u0bc1 \u0bae\u0b95\u0bbe\u0baa\u0bbe\u0bb0\u0ba4\u0ba4\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bbf\u0ba9\u0bcd \u0b9a\u0baa\u0bbe \u0baa\u0bb0\u0bcd\u0bb5\u0ba4\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bbf\u0bb2\u0bcd \u0bb5\u0bb0\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd \u0b9a\u0bbf\u0b9a\u0bc1\u0baa\u0bbe\u0bb2\u0ba9\u0bcd \u0bb5\u0ba4\u0bae\u0bcd. \u0b9a\u0bc7\u0ba4\u0bbf \u0ba8\u0bbe\u0b9f\u0bcd\u0b9f\u0bc1 \u0b85\u0bb0\u0b9a\u0ba9\u0bcd \u0b9a\u0bbf\u0b9a\u0bc1\u0baa\u0bbe\u0bb2\u0ba9\u0bcd \u0b95\u0ba3\u0bcd\u0ba3\u0ba9\u0bc1\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bc1 \u0b85\u0ba4\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bc8 \u0bae\u0b95\u0ba9\u0bcd. \u0b85\u0bb5\u0ba9\u0bcd \u0baa\u0bbf\u0bb1\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd\u0baa\u0bcb\u0ba4\u0bc1 \u0bae\u0bc2\u0ba9\u0bcd\u0bb1\u0bc1 \u0b95\u0ba3\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd \u0ba8\u0bbe\u0ba9\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bc1 \u0b95\u0bc8\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd \u0b89\u0b9f\u0bc8\u0baf\u0bb5\u0ba9\u0bbe\u0b95 \u0b87\u0bb0\u0bc1\u0ba8\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bbe\u0ba9\u0bcd \u0b8e\u0ba9\u0bcd\u0bb1\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd, \u0b85\u0bb5\u0ba9\u0bcd \u0ba4\u0bbe\u0baf\u0bbf\u0b9f\u0bae\u0bcd '\u0b87\u0bb5\u0ba9\u0bcd \u0b8e\u0bb5\u0ba9\u0bcd \u0bae\u0b9f\u0bbf\u0baf\u0bbf\u0bb2\u0bcd \u0b85\u0bae\u0bb0\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd\u0baa\u0bcb\u0ba4\u0bc1 \u0b85\u0ba8\u0bcd\u0ba4 \u0b85\u0ba4\u0bbf\u0b95\u0baa\u0bcd\u0baa\u0b9f\u0bbf\u0baf\u0bbe\u0ba9 \u0b89\u0bb1\u0bc1\u0baa\u0bcd\u0baa\u0bc1\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bcd \u0bae\u0bb1\u0bc8\u0b95\u0bbf\u0ba9\u0bcd\u0bb1\u0ba9\u0bb5\u0bcb \u0b85\u0bb5\u0ba9\u0bbe\u0bb2\u0bc7\u0baf\u0bc7 \u0b87\u0bb5\u0ba9\u0bcd \u0b87\u0bb1\u0baa\u0bcd\u0baa\u0bbe\u0ba9\u0bcd' \u0b8e\u0ba9\u0bcd\u0bb1\u0bc1 \u0b85\u0b9a\u0bb0\u0bc0\u0bb0\u0bbf \u0b95\u0bc2\u0bb1\u0bbf\u0baf\u0ba4\u0bc1 \u0b8e\u0ba9\u0bcd\u0bb1\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd \u0bae\u0b95\u0bbe\u0baa\u0bbe\u0bb0\u0ba4\u0bae\u0bcd \u0b9a\u0bca\u0bb2\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bbf\u0bb1\u0ba4\u0bc1. \u0b95\u0ba3\u0bcd\u0ba3\u0ba9\u0bcd \u0bae\u0b9f\u0bbf\u0baf\u0bbf\u0bb2\u0bcd \u0bb5\u0bc8\u0ba4\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0baa\u0bcb\u0ba4\u0bc1 \u0b85\u0bb5\u0bc8 \u0bae\u0bb1\u0bc8\u0ba8\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0ba9. \u0b86\u0b95\u0bb5\u0bc7 \u0b9a\u0bbf\u0b9a\u0bc1\u0baa\u0bbe\u0bb2\u0ba9\u0bbf\u0ba9\u0bcd \u0ba4\u0bbe\u0baf\u0bcd \u0b95\u0ba3\u0bcd\u0ba3\u0ba9\u0bbf\u0b9f\u0bae\u0bcd \u0ba4\u0ba9\u0bcd \u0bae\u0b95\u0ba9\u0bbf\u0ba9\u0bcd \u0ba8\u0bc2\u0bb1\u0bc1 \u0b95\u0bc1\u0bb1\u0bcd\u0bb1\u0b99\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bc8 \u0bae\u0ba9\u0bcd\u0ba9\u0bbf\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd\u0baa\u0b9f\u0bbf \u0bb5\u0bc7\u0ba3\u0bcd\u0b9f\u0bbf\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bca\u0ba3\u0bcd\u0b9f\u0bbe\u0bb3\u0bcd; 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\u0b8e\u0b9a\u0bcd\u0b9a\u0bb0\u0bbf\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bc8.","story_title_en":"Shishupala's Abuse","story_en":"This is the slaying of Shishupala from the Sabha Parva of the Mahabharata. Shishupala, king of Chedi, was Krishna's cousin, the son of his aunt. The Mahabharata says he was born with three eyes and four arms, and a heavenly voice told his mother that he would be killed by the one on whose lap the extra limbs vanished. When he was placed on Krishna's lap they vanished. So Shishupala's mother begged Krishna to forgive a hundred of her son's faults, and Krishna agreed.\n\nWhen Yudhishthira performed the Rajasuya sacrifice at Indraprastha, the question arose of whom to honour first. Bhishma proposed Krishna. All in the assembly agreed; only Shishupala rose and began to revile Krishna basely.\n\nHe abused Krishna as a 'cowherd', 'thief' and 'deceiver'; he insulted Bhishma too. Many in the assembly grew angry; Bhima rose to attack him. Bhishma held him back and recalled the promise Krishna had given. Krishna listened calmly to all of it.\n\nShishupala went beyond bounds in his abuse. Krishna patiently kept count until the hundred faults were complete. When the hundred-and-first abuse came, he hurled his Sudarshana discus and severed his head. The Mahabharata adds that Shishupala's radiance merged into Krishna's body.\n\nThis history shows the nature of the base well. Taking Krishna's patience for weakness, he raised his abuses day by day. He was a danger to his clan and his kingdom. He did not heed counsel.\n\nAnother face of baseness shows here: inability to bear the glory others receive. Shishupala is an example for the verse 'on seeing another clothed and fed, the base can find faults in him'. With no pang in his heart he rejoiced in reviling Krishna.\n\nThis history also shows the greatness of Krishna's patience. He who bore his cousin's abuse a hundred times was bound by dharma and by his promise. Only after fulfilling the promise fully did he deliver the punishment. It is a lovely form of justice: bearing up to the limit of patience, then acting to guard dharma.\n\nFrom Shishupala's tale we may learn two lessons. First, however close a kinsman, the evil word and deed of one with baseness will one day destroy him. Second, we must not take patience for weakness. One who knows the power and justice behind patience will not mock others. The Mahabharata gives us this example.\n\nThe story also shows that the root of baseness is mostly envy and ego. Shishupala could not bear the fame of Indraprastha or the first honour given to Krishna. To seek no fault in oneself and to see another's rise as itself a fault is the sign of lowness. Read in the same light, every verse of this chapter comes alive.","key_lessons_ta":"\u0b95\u0baf\u0bb5\u0bb0\u0bcd \u0ba4\u0bcb\u0bb1\u0bcd\u0bb1\u0ba4\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bbf\u0bb2\u0bcd \u0bae\u0ba9\u0bbf\u0ba4\u0bb0\u0bcd \u0baa\u0bcb\u0bb2 \u0b87\u0bb0\u0bc1\u0baa\u0bcd\u0baa\u0ba4\u0bbe\u0bb2\u0bcd \u0baa\u0ba3\u0bcd\u0baa\u0bc8 \u0bb5\u0bc8\u0ba4\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bc7 \u0b85\u0bb5\u0bb0\u0bc8 \u0b85\u0bb1\u0bbf\u0baf \u0bb5\u0bc7\u0ba3\u0bcd\u0b9f\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd.\n\u0b85\u0bb1\u0bae\u0bcd, \u0ba8\u0bbe\u0ba3\u0bae\u0bcd, \u0b85\u0bb5\u0bb2\u0bae\u0bcd \u0b87\u0bb2\u0bcd\u0bb2\u0bbe\u0ba4\u0bb5\u0bb0\u0bcd \u0ba4\u0bae\u0bcd \u0bb5\u0bbf\u0bb0\u0bc1\u0baa\u0bcd\u0baa\u0baa\u0bcd\u0baa\u0b9f\u0bbf \u0ba8\u0b9f\u0baa\u0bcd\u0baa\u0ba4\u0bc7 \u0b95\u0baf\u0bae\u0bc8\u0baf\u0bbf\u0ba9\u0bcd \u0b85\u0b9f\u0bc8\u0baf\u0bbe\u0bb3\u0bae\u0bcd.\n\u0b95\u0baf\u0bb5\u0bb0\u0bcd \u0b85\u0b9a\u0bcd\u0b9a\u0ba4\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bbe\u0bb2\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd \u0b85\u0b9f\u0bbf\u0baf\u0bbe\u0bb2\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bc7 \u0ba4\u0bbf\u0bb0\u0bc1\u0ba8\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bc1\u0bb5\u0bb0\u0bcd; \u0b85\u0ba9\u0bcd\u0baa\u0bc1 \u0b85\u0bb5\u0bb0\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bbf\u0b9f\u0bae\u0bcd \u0b8e\u0bb3\u0bbf\u0ba4\u0bbf\u0bb2\u0bcd \u0bb5\u0bc7\u0bb2\u0bc8 \u0b9a\u0bc6\u0baf\u0bcd\u0baf\u0bbe\u0ba4\u0bc1.\n\u0baa\u0bbf\u0bb1\u0bb0\u0bcd \u0b89\u0baf\u0bb0\u0bcd\u0bb5\u0bc8\u0b95\u0bcd \u0b95\u0ba3\u0bcd\u0b9f\u0bc1 \u0b95\u0bc1\u0bb1\u0bc8 \u0b95\u0bbe\u0ba3\u0bcd\u0baa\u0ba4\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd \u0bae\u0bb1\u0bc8\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bc8\u0baa\u0bcd \u0baa\u0bb0\u0baa\u0bcd\u0baa\u0bc1\u0bb5\u0ba4\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd \u0b95\u0bc0\u0bb4\u0bcd\u0bae\u0bc8\u0baf\u0bbf\u0ba9\u0bcd \u0b9a\u0bc6\u0baf\u0bb2\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bcd.\n\u0b95\u0baf\u0bae\u0bc8 \u0baa\u0bbf\u0bb1\u0baa\u0bcd\u0baa\u0bbe\u0bb2\u0bcd \u0bb5\u0bb0\u0bc1\u0bb5\u0ba4\u0bbf\u0bb2\u0bcd\u0bb2\u0bc8; \u0baa\u0ba3\u0bcd\u0baa\u0bbe\u0bb2\u0bcd \u0bb5\u0bb0\u0bc1\u0bb5\u0ba4\u0bc1, \u0b86\u0b95\u0bb5\u0bc7 \u0ba8\u0bae\u0bcd\u0bae\u0bc8 \u0ba8\u0bbe\u0bae\u0bc7 \u0b9a\u0bcb\u0ba4\u0bbf\u0ba4\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bc1\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bca\u0bb3\u0bcd\u0bb3 \u0bb5\u0bc7\u0ba3\u0bcd\u0b9f\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd.","key_lessons_en":"The base look like men, so they must be known by character.\nActing only by one's own wishes without dharma, shame or compunction marks baseness.\nThe base are corrected only by fear and blows; love hardly works on them.\nFinding fault with others' prosperity and spreading secrets are acts of meanness.\nBaseness comes not by birth but by character, so each of us must examine ourselves.","image_prompt":"Shishupala standing and angrily pointing at Krishna in the Rajasuya assembly hall at Indraprastha, Krishna seated calmly with a gentle expression, Bhishma restraining Bhima, courtiers astonished, ornate gold border, warm palm-leaf manuscript and Tanjore-painting inspired style, ivory, ochre, copper and deep teal palette, no text or letters in the image."},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/tamil.one\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/adhigaram\/177","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/tamil.one\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/adhigaram"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/tamil.one\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/adhigaram"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/tamil.one\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/adhigaram\/177\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":2305,"href":"https:\/\/tamil.one\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/adhigaram\/177\/revisions\/2305"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/tamil.one\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=177"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"kural_section","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tamil.one\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/kural_section?post=177"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}