Madurai Koodalur Kizhar · 10 verses

Muthumozhikkanchi

முதுமொழிக் காஞ்சி

முதுமொழிக் காஞ்சி என்றால் 'பழமொழிகளால் ஆன நிலையாமை அறிவுரை'. மதுரைக் கூடலூர் கிழார் பத்துப் பத்துகளாக நூறு ஒருவரி மொழிகளைத் தொகுத்துள்ளார்; ஒவ்வொரு பத்தும் 'ஆர்கலி யுலகத்து மக்கட் கெல்லாம்' என்று தொடங்குகிறது.

Muthumozhikkanchi means 'Counsel of ancient sayings'. Madurai Koodalur Kizhar gathers one hundred one-line maxims into ten tens, each ten opening with 'For all the people of the sea-girt world'.

அறிமுகம்

பதினெண் கீழ்க்கணக்கு நூல்களுள் ஒன்றான முதுமொழிக் காஞ்சி, காஞ்சித் திணையைச் சார்ந்தது: உலக வாழ்வின் நிலையாமையை உணர்த்தி நல்வழி காட்டுவது. ஒவ்வொரு மொழியும் ஒரே வரியில் அமைந்த குறள் வெண்செந்துறை வடிவம். சிறந்த பத்து, அறிவுப் பத்து, பழியாப் பத்து, துவ்வாப் பத்து, அல்ல பத்து, இல்லைப் பத்து, பொய்ப் பத்து, எளிய பத்து, நல்கூர்ந்த பத்து, தண்டாப் பத்து என்று பத்துப் பகுதிகள். தமிழோன்றில் ஒவ்வொரு பத்தும் ஒரு பக்கமாகத் தரப்பட்டுள்ளது.

Introduction

One of the Eighteen Minor Works (Patinenkilkanakku), Muthumozhikkanchi belongs to the kanchi theme, which reminds us that worldly life is fleeting and points to the right path. Each maxim is a single line in the kural venchenthurai metre. The hundred sayings fall into ten tens: on what is greater, how things are known, what not to blame, what is no better, what is not real, what has no equal, vain hopes, what comes easily, poor things, and what one must not shun. On Tamilone each ten is given as one page.

ஸ்ரீமத் பாகவதத்திலிருந்து (பதினொன்றாம் ஸ்கந்தம், அத்தியாயங்கள் 7 முதல் 9)

அவதூதரின் இருபத்து நான்கு குருமார்

ஸ்ரீமத் பாகவதத்திலிருந்து. உத்தவருக்கு ஸ்ரீகிருஷ்ணர் ஒரு பழைய வரலாற்றைச் சொன்னார். யது மன்னன் ஒருநாள் இளமையும் ஒளியும் கொண்டு அச்சமின்றித் திரியும் ஓர் அவதூதரைக் கண்டு, 'உமக்கு இந்த அமைதியும் அறிவும் எங்கிருந்து வந்தன?' என்று கேட்டான். அவதூதர் சொன்னார்: 'எனக்கு இருபத்து நான்கு குருமார் உண்டு. பூமியிடமிருந்து பொறுமையைக் கற்றேன்; காற்றிடமிருந்து எதிலும் ஒட்டாமையைக் கற்றேன்; நெருப்பிடமிருந்தும் நீரிடமிருந்தும் தூய்மையைக் கற்றேன். தன் குஞ்சுகளின் மேல் கொண்ட பற்றால் வலையில் விழுந்த புறாவிடமிருந்து அளவுமீறிய பற்றின் விளைவைக் கற்றேன். விளக்கில் விழும் விட்டில்பூச்சியிடமிருந்து புலன் ஆசையின் ஆபத்தைக் கற்றேன். தேனைச் சேர்த்து வைத்து இழக்கும் தேனீயிடமிருந்து பதுக்கலின் பயனின்மையைக் கற்றேன். எதிர்பார்ப்பைக் கைவிட்டதும் நிம்மதியாக உறங்கிய பிங்களையிடமிருந்து "ஆசையே பெருந்துன்பம், ஆசையின்மையே பேரின்பம்" என்று கற்றேன்.' இப்படி உலகில் காணும் ஒவ்வொன்றும் ஒரு பாடம் என்று அவதூதர் விளக்கினார். முதுமொழிக் காஞ்சியின் நூறு மொழிகளும் இப்படியே வாழ்க்கையைக் கவனித்துத் தொகுத்த பாடங்கள்; 'நசையில் பெரியதோர் நல்குரவு இல்லை' என்ற மொழி பிங்களையின் பாடத்தையே சொல்கிறது.

From the Srimad Bhagavatam (Eleventh Canto, chapters 7 to 9)

The Avadhuta's Twenty-Four Teachers

From the Srimad Bhagavatam. Sri Krishna told Uddhava an old account. King Yadu once met an avadhuta, a young and radiant sage who wandered without fear, and asked him, 'Where did you find such peace and wisdom?' The avadhuta answered, 'I have twenty-four teachers. From the earth I learned patience; from the wind, to move through all things without clinging; from fire and water, purity. From the pigeon who fell into the net out of attachment to his young, I learned where excessive attachment leads. From the moth that flies into the flame, I learned the danger of the senses. From the bee whose hoarded honey is taken by others, I learned that hoarding is futile. From Pingala, who slept in peace the night she gave up expectation, I learned that desire is the greatest misery and freedom from desire the greatest joy.' So the sage showed that everything in the world can be a teacher. The hundred sayings of Muthumozhikkanchi are lessons gathered in the same way, by watching life closely; the saying 'There is no poverty greater than craving' is Pingala's own lesson.

முக்கியப் பாடங்கள்

  • ஒழுக்கம் கல்வியைவிடச் சிறந்தது; கற்றதை மறவாமை அறிவைவிடச் சிறந்தது.
  • உள்ளே இருக்கும் குணம் செயலில் வெளிப்படும்.
  • ஆசையே பெரிய வறுமை; கொடையே பெரிய சிறப்பு.
  • குறிக்கோளை விரும்புவோன் அதற்கான உழைப்பையும் துன்பத்தையும் விலக்கமாட்டான்.

Key lessons

  • Conduct is greater than learning, and remembering what one learned is greater than brilliance.
  • Inner character shows itself in deeds.
  • Craving is the greatest poverty, and giving the greatest glory.
  • One who wants a goal does not shun the toil and hardship it asks.

The verses

  1. 1ஆர்கலி யுலகத்து மக்கட் கெல்லாம்The Ten on What Is Greater: (1) Good conduct is greater than learning. (2) Being respected is greater than being loved. (3) Not forgetting what one has learned is greater than brilliance. (4) Truthfulness is greater than generosity. (5) A body free of disease is greater than youth. (6) Modesty is greater than beauty. (7) Steadfast virtue is greater than noble birth. (8) Revering the learned is greater than learning alone. (9) Bettering oneself is greater than striking one's foes. (10) Not shrinking later is greater than swelling early.
  2. 2ஆர்கலி யுலகத்து மக்கட் கெல்லாம்The Ten on How Things Are Known: (1) Noble birth is known by kindness. (2) Kindness is known by giving. (3) Unfailing friendship is known by help. (4) Learning is known by insight. (5) Greatness is known by how one receives others. (6) Low birth is known by arrogance. (7) A thief is known by deceitful deeds. (8) Carelessness in speech reveals carelessness in all things. (9) A failing mind reveals failure in everything else. (10) True valour is known by deeds.
  3. 3ஆர்கலி யுலகத்து மக்கட் கெல்லாம்The Ten Things Not to Blame: (1) The wise do not blame the undisciplined for their nature. (2) They do not blame the ordinary for lacking lofty qualities. (3) They do not blame a great thing for being hard. (4) They do not blame a rare thing for being costly. (5) They do not blame a work for flaws before it is finished. (6) They do not stay in a lawless king's land only to complain; they leave. (7) They do not blame good kinsmen for failing to do what they should. (8) They do not blame the customs of an unfamiliar land. (9) They do not blame a poor man for not being generous. (10) Even the great do not blame the ways of the small.
  4. 4ஆர்கலி யுலகத்து மக்கட் கெல்லாம்The Ten That Are No Better: (1) The wealth of the shameful is no better than poverty. (2) Reckless daring is no better than cowardice. (3) A shameless life is no better than hunger. (4) Giving without respect is no better than refusing. (5) Promising and not doing is no better than folly. (6) False hospitality is no better than baseness. (7) Abandoning one you have taken in is no better than cruelty. (8) A fool for a companion is no better than being alone. (9) A disgraced old age is no better than a life of rage. (10) Enjoying pleasure alone is no better than loneliness.
  5. 5ஆர்கலி யுலகத்து மக்கட் கெல்லாம்The Ten on What Is Not: (1) One who does not understand the home is no true spouse. (2) A home without a worthy spouse is no life. (3) A bond without kindness is neither kinship nor friendship. (4) One whose hand never tires of giving is no mere mountain of words. (5) One with a crooked heart is no friend. (6) Learning not taken to heart is not learning. (7) Toil that does not aim at living well is not true effort. (8) Giving outside dharma is not giving. (9) Austerity not kept in the right way is not austerity. (10) Age that has not grasped the life beyond is not maturity.
  6. 6ஆர்கலி யுலகத்து மக்கட் கெல்லாம்The Ten on What Has No Equal: (1) There is no gain greater than good children. (2) There is no worth greater than knowing one's duty to others. (3) There is no better wish than a wish for what is fitting. (4) There is no worse wish than a wish for what is not. (5) There is no cruelty greater than hiding what one could give. (6) There is no death worse than a life without awareness. (7) There is no poverty greater than craving. (8) There is no legacy greater than fame. (9) There is no disgrace greater than begging. (10) There is no glory greater than giving to those who ask.
  7. 7ஆர்கலி யுலகத்து மக்கட் கெல்லாம்The Ten Vain Hopes: (1) That the truly wise fail to live well is untrue. (2) That one of great standing is never angered is untrue. (3) That a drunkard never stumbles is untrue. (4) That one blind to the right time will succeed is untrue. (5) That one who cannot see what is coming can guard himself is untrue. (6) That one who hates hard work will rise is a vain hope. (7) That one who cannot bear small beginnings will reach greatness is a vain hope. (8) That one who cannot carry greatness will keep humility is a vain hope. (9) That one ruled by greed for wealth will deal justly is untrue. (10) That one who is impure performs true tapas is untrue.
  8. 8ஆர்கலி யுலகத்து மக்கட் கெல்லாம்The Ten on What Comes Easily: (1) For lovers of fame, the world of the gods is easy to reach. (2) For lovers of quarrel, a great battle comes easily. (3) For lovers of kindness, giving what is asked is easy. (4) For lovers of gossip, betraying a secret is easy. (5) For those who accept hardship, joy comes easily. (6) For those who crave pleasure, sorrow comes easily. (7) For lovers of food, disease comes easily. (8) For those lost in lust, disgrace comes easily. (9) For those who love responsibility, sharing their food is easy. (10) For those without support, ruin comes easily.
  9. 9ஆர்கலி யுலகத்து மக்கட் கெல்லாம்The Ten Poor Things: (1) The land of a lawless king is poor. (2) Desire in extreme old age is a poor thing. (3) Joining one who lives in hatred is a poor thing. (4) Pleasure gained while lying sick is a poor thing. (5) Sulking where one is not cherished is a poor thing. (6) Ornaments on an aged body are a poor thing. (7) Speaking where words go unheeded is a poor thing. (8) Approaching one whose heart is empty is a poor thing. (9) Anger without the strength to command respect is a poor thing. (10) Going where there is no friendship is a poor thing.
  10. 10ஆர்கலி யுலகத்து மக்கட் கெல்லாம்The Ten Things One Does Not Shun: (1) One who would rise does not shun noble counsel. (2) One who would grow does not shun wide renown. (3) One who would learn does not shun serving the teacher. (4) One who would stand firm does not shun austerity. (5) One who would live well does not shun careful planning. (6) One who would prosper does not shun toil. (7) One who would have joy does not shun hardship. (8) One who courts sorrow does not shun mere pleasure. (9) One who would have safety does not shun just rule. (10) One who would have love does not shun the gentle hint.